Aplicabilidade das regras de Bergmann e Allen a humanos: Um estudo em amostragem Latino-Americana
Data
2018-12-10
Autores
Monsores Junior, Ricardo Lequito
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Resumo
Certas condições ambientais podem configurar estresses que devem ser controlados de forma a manter a homeostase do organismo. A ocupação de amplas áreas geográficas exige adaptações locais tanto na morfologia quanto em processos fisiológicos, com diversas evidências sugerindo que muitos traços da espécie humana evoluíram em decorrência de pressões exercidas por alterações climáticas, ambientais e nos estilos de vida das populações. As regras ecológicas de Bergmann e Allen indicam um padrão observado a partir de grandes escalas geográficas, no qual espécies endotérmicas tendem a apresentar medidas corporais que minimizam a perda de calor em locais mais frios e que aceleram a dissipação de calor em climas mais quentes. A regra de Bergmann apresenta generalizações com respeito ao tamanho corporal de organismos, expondo que organismos que habitam ambientes de clima frio tendem a possuir maior massa corporal que aqueles habitantes de climas quentes. A regra de Allen é um complemento da regra de Bergmann, que evidencia extremidades menores e robustas em indivíduos de áreas mais gélidas, e membros mais finos e longos para indivíduos em climas quentes. A antropometria é uma forma de avaliar quantitativamente as variações morfológicas entre populações. Medidas básicas do corpo humano como estatura, estatura sentado, distância bi-ilíaca e massa corporal apresentam grande variação nas populações e são dados informativos que apresentam associações com aspectos de nutrição, saúde e com padrões ecológicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade das regras de Bergmann e Allen como fator explicativo para a variação morfológica em amostra latino-americana, investigando a relação das variáveis antropométricas com as latitudes e variáveis de temperatura dos locais onde os indivíduos experienciaram a maior parte de seu desenvolvimento ontogenético. De acordo com os resultados obtidos existe variação no tamanho e forma do corpo dentro do território da América Latina. Entretanto somente a variável distância biacromial sustentou a regra de Bergmann na amostra nas análises de regressão com latitude, temperatura média anual e temperatura mínima anual, todas no hemisfério sul. Todos os outros resultados significativos sugerem que ocorre um padrão inverso ao das regras investigadas. Fatores como restrições do tamanho amostral, representatividade de diferentes latitudes, limitações geográficas e climáticas particulares da posição do continente, singular processo de colonização e independência dos países latino-americanos, bem como os efeitos da modernidade e tendência secular podem ter contribuído para os desvios dos padrões esperados na amostra.
Some environmental conditions can create stresses that must be controlled in order to maintain the body's homeostasis. To inhabit large geographic areas, it is required adaptations in both morphology and physiological processes, and several traits of the human species are understood to have evolved as a result of pressures exerted by climate alteration, as well as environment and lifestyle changes over time. The ecological rules of Bergmann and Allen indicate a standard observed in large geographic scales where endothermic species usually show off body measurements that minimize heat loss in colder locations and accelerate heat dissipation in warmer climates. Bergmann's rule presents generalizations regarding on the body size of organisms, stating that organisms that inhabit cold climate environments tend to have greater body mass when compared to individuals inhabiting areas of warm climates. Allen's rule is a complement to Bergmann's rule, which shows shorter, more robust extremities in individuals living in colder areas, and thinner and longer limbs for individuals in hot climates. Anthropometry aims to collect data of several dimensions of the human body through various techniques, and its use in scientific studies informs us quantitatively about the morphologic variations among populations. Basic measurements of the human body such as stature, sitting height, bi- iliac distance and body mass vary greatly in population and are informative data that show associations with aspects of nutrition, health and ecological standards. The present study aimed to verify the applicability of Bergmann and Allen’s rules as an explanatory factor for the morphological variation in a Latin American sample, investigating the relation of the anthropometric variables with the latitudes and temperature variables of the places where the individuals experienced the majority of its ontogenetic development. According to the results obtained, there is variation in the size and shape of the body within the territory of Latin America. However, only the biacromial distance variable supported the Bergmann’s rule in the sample in the regression analyzes with latitude, mean annual temperature and annual minimum temperature in the southern hemisphere. All other significant results suggested that there is an inverse pattern to the rules investigated. Factors such as sample size constraints, representativeness of different latitudes, geographical and climatic constraints of the continent's position, the unique process of colonization and independence of the Latin American countries, as well as the effects of modernity and secular tendency may have contributed to deviations from the expected patterns in the sample
Some environmental conditions can create stresses that must be controlled in order to maintain the body's homeostasis. To inhabit large geographic areas, it is required adaptations in both morphology and physiological processes, and several traits of the human species are understood to have evolved as a result of pressures exerted by climate alteration, as well as environment and lifestyle changes over time. The ecological rules of Bergmann and Allen indicate a standard observed in large geographic scales where endothermic species usually show off body measurements that minimize heat loss in colder locations and accelerate heat dissipation in warmer climates. Bergmann's rule presents generalizations regarding on the body size of organisms, stating that organisms that inhabit cold climate environments tend to have greater body mass when compared to individuals inhabiting areas of warm climates. Allen's rule is a complement to Bergmann's rule, which shows shorter, more robust extremities in individuals living in colder areas, and thinner and longer limbs for individuals in hot climates. Anthropometry aims to collect data of several dimensions of the human body through various techniques, and its use in scientific studies informs us quantitatively about the morphologic variations among populations. Basic measurements of the human body such as stature, sitting height, bi- iliac distance and body mass vary greatly in population and are informative data that show associations with aspects of nutrition, health and ecological standards. The present study aimed to verify the applicability of Bergmann and Allen’s rules as an explanatory factor for the morphological variation in a Latin American sample, investigating the relation of the anthropometric variables with the latitudes and temperature variables of the places where the individuals experienced the majority of its ontogenetic development. According to the results obtained, there is variation in the size and shape of the body within the territory of Latin America. However, only the biacromial distance variable supported the Bergmann’s rule in the sample in the regression analyzes with latitude, mean annual temperature and annual minimum temperature in the southern hemisphere. All other significant results suggested that there is an inverse pattern to the rules investigated. Factors such as sample size constraints, representativeness of different latitudes, geographical and climatic constraints of the continent's position, the unique process of colonization and independence of the Latin American countries, as well as the effects of modernity and secular tendency may have contributed to deviations from the expected patterns in the sample
Abstract
Descrição
Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado ao
Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e
da Natureza da Universidade Federal da
Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito
parcial à obtenção do título de Bacharel em
Ciências Biológicas – Ecologia e Biodiversidade.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gleisson Alisson Pereira Brito
Palavras-chave
Adaptação, América Latina, Antropometria, Latitude, Temperatura
Citação
MONSORES JUNIOR, Ricardo Lequito. Aplicabilidade das regras de Bergmann e Allen a humanos: um estudo em amostragem latino-americana. 2018. 64 f. Trabalho de
Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Ecologia e Biodiversidade) – Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, 2018