Contribuições das estratégias do conceito Passive House para edificações energeticamente mais eficientes na Região Sul-Brasileira
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2019-09-10
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Vettorazzi, Egon
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O setor residencial é um dos principais setores responsáveis pelo elevado consumo energético e consequente emissões de gases com efeito estufa, no Brasil, e no mundo. Com a finalidade de que os edifícios sejam de consumo energético quase zero (NZEB) e de reduzir a pegada de carbono, muitos países membros da União Europeia e, mais recentemente da América do Norte, Ásia e Oceania, têm adotado progressivamente o conceito Passive House como estratégia para aumentar a eficiência energética, sem esquecer o conforto térmico e a qualidade ao ar interior nos edifícios. O objetivo do presente trabalho, é adaptar as estratégias do conceito Passive House a residências unifamiliares da Região Sul do Brasil, verificar qual o seu desempenho termoenergético e identificar quais as implicações no projeto arquitetônico. Para tal, a metodologia do trabalho foi estruturada em 6 etapas. Na etapa 1, realizou-se uma contextualização teórica sobre a relação entre energia, o meio ambiente e a arquitetura passiva no Brasil e no mundo, que foi sintetizada em linhas do tempo. Na etapa 2, foram selecionadas três edificações residenciais unifamiliares que constituem os estudos de casos, construídas com estratégias passivas básicas nas Zonas Bioclimáticas ZB1, ZB2 e ZB3 da Região Sul-Brasileira. Na etapa 3 procedeu-se à modelagem tridimensional da geometria das edificações referenciais para posterior simulação computacional nas etapas 4, 5 e 6. Na etapa 4, foi realizado a avaliação termoenergética das edificações através da classificação do nível de eficiência energética da envoltória segundo os Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações Residenciais (RTQ-R). Na etapa 5, foram determinadas as estratégias do conceito Passive House e verificado o desempenho termoenergético para cada uma das edificações em estudo. Por fim, na etapa 6 foram otimizadas as dimensões dos elementos de controle solar, assim como as dimensões das janelas, com e sem a otimização das estratégias Passive House das Edificações Referenciais. Como resultado, verificou-se que com a utilização do conceito Passive House há uma redução entre 55,1% e 83,5% no consumo energético e entre 73,7% e 86,2% no desconforto térmico numa base anual de conforto entre os 20-26oC. Porém, com o conceito Passive House combinado com a otimização das dimensões das janelas e dos elementos de controle solar, obteve-se um desempenho termoenergético superior, com reduções do consumo energético entre 75,1% a 91,3% e do desconforto térmico entre 89,1% a 92,7%, embora a interferência há maior interferência no projeto arquitetônico. Sem a adoção das estratégias do conceito Passive House e otimizando-se apenas as dimensões das janelas e sombreamentos das edificações referenciais, conseguiu-se uma melhora no desempenho termoenergético relativamente baixa, com redução entre 5,3% e 10,9% do consumo energético e entre 5,8% e 8,7% do desconforto térmico. Contudo, nesse último caso, os resultados revelaram alterações significativas na definição das dimensões das janelas e dos elementos de controle solar externos. Conclui-se que, para as edificações das Zonas Bioclimáticas ZB1, ZB2 e ZB3 da Região Sul do Brasil que já possuem estratégias passivas básicas na sua concepção projetual, é possível utilizar o conceito Passive House sem interferir nas dimensões de janelas e nos elementos de controle solar externos, obtendo-se um desempenho termoenergético superior ao exigido pelo conceito Passive House para climas quentes.
The residential sector is one of the main responsible for the high energy consumption and consequent greenhouse gas emissions, in Brazil, and worldwide. In order to implement the Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) and to mitigate the building’s carbon footprint, several European Union State Members, and more recently North America, Asia and Australia, have progressively adopted the Passive House concept as a strategy to increase the buildings energy efficiency, ensuring thermal comfort and indoor air quality. The goal of the present work is to adapt the Passive House concept strategies to single family dwellings located in the Southern Region of Brazil, in order to verify its thermo-energetic performance and to identify the potential impacts on the architectural project. The methodology of the work is structured in 6 stages. In stage 1, a theoretical contextualization on the relationship between energy, the environment and passive architecture in Brazil and in the world was performed and synthesized in timelines. In stage 2, three single-family residential buildings were selected, the three case studies analyzed in the present work, constructed with basic passive strategies in the ZB1, ZB2 and ZB3 bioclimatic zones of the South-Brazilian Region. In stage 3, the three-dimensional modeling of the geometry of the reference buildings was carried out for subsequent computational simulation in stages 4, 5 and 6. In stage 4, the thermo-energetic evaluation of the buildings was performed by classifying the energy efficiency level of the envelope according to the Technical Quality Requirements for the Energy Efficiency Level of Residential Buildings (RTQ-R). In stage 5, the Passive House concept strategies were determined and the thermo-energetic performance of each one of the case studies was verified. Finally, in stage 6 the dimensions of the solar control elements are optimized, as well as the dimensions of the windows, with and without the optimization of the Passive House strategies of the Referential Buildings. Regarding the obtained results, it was verified that with the use of the Passive House concept there is a reduction between 55.1% and 83.5% in energy consumption and between 73.7% and 86.2% in thermal discomfort, for an annual comfort base between 20- 26 o C. Combining the Passive House concept with the optimized windows and external solar control elements, a superior thermo-energetic performance was achieved, with reductions in energy consumption between 75.1% and 91.3% and thermal discomfort between 89.1% and 92.7%, although increasing the influence on the architectural design. Without adopting the Passive House concept strategies and optimizing only the dimensions of the windows and the external solar control elements of the reference buildings, a relatively low improvement in the thermo-energetic performance was achieved, with a reduction between 5.3% and 10.9 % of the energy consumption and between 5.8% and 8.7% of thermal discomfort. However, in the latter case, the results revealed significant changes in the definition of window dimensions and external solar control elements. It is concluded that, for the buildings of the bioclimatic zones ZB1, ZB2 and ZB3 of the South of Brazil, which already have passive strategies in their conception design, it is possible to use the Passive House concept without interfering with the dimensions of windows and elements of external solar control, achieving a higher thermal performance than required by the Passive House concept for hot climates
The residential sector is one of the main responsible for the high energy consumption and consequent greenhouse gas emissions, in Brazil, and worldwide. In order to implement the Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) and to mitigate the building’s carbon footprint, several European Union State Members, and more recently North America, Asia and Australia, have progressively adopted the Passive House concept as a strategy to increase the buildings energy efficiency, ensuring thermal comfort and indoor air quality. The goal of the present work is to adapt the Passive House concept strategies to single family dwellings located in the Southern Region of Brazil, in order to verify its thermo-energetic performance and to identify the potential impacts on the architectural project. The methodology of the work is structured in 6 stages. In stage 1, a theoretical contextualization on the relationship between energy, the environment and passive architecture in Brazil and in the world was performed and synthesized in timelines. In stage 2, three single-family residential buildings were selected, the three case studies analyzed in the present work, constructed with basic passive strategies in the ZB1, ZB2 and ZB3 bioclimatic zones of the South-Brazilian Region. In stage 3, the three-dimensional modeling of the geometry of the reference buildings was carried out for subsequent computational simulation in stages 4, 5 and 6. In stage 4, the thermo-energetic evaluation of the buildings was performed by classifying the energy efficiency level of the envelope according to the Technical Quality Requirements for the Energy Efficiency Level of Residential Buildings (RTQ-R). In stage 5, the Passive House concept strategies were determined and the thermo-energetic performance of each one of the case studies was verified. Finally, in stage 6 the dimensions of the solar control elements are optimized, as well as the dimensions of the windows, with and without the optimization of the Passive House strategies of the Referential Buildings. Regarding the obtained results, it was verified that with the use of the Passive House concept there is a reduction between 55.1% and 83.5% in energy consumption and between 73.7% and 86.2% in thermal discomfort, for an annual comfort base between 20- 26 o C. Combining the Passive House concept with the optimized windows and external solar control elements, a superior thermo-energetic performance was achieved, with reductions in energy consumption between 75.1% and 91.3% and thermal discomfort between 89.1% and 92.7%, although increasing the influence on the architectural design. Without adopting the Passive House concept strategies and optimizing only the dimensions of the windows and the external solar control elements of the reference buildings, a relatively low improvement in the thermo-energetic performance was achieved, with a reduction between 5.3% and 10.9 % of the energy consumption and between 5.8% and 8.7% of thermal discomfort. However, in the latter case, the results revealed significant changes in the definition of window dimensions and external solar control elements. It is concluded that, for the buildings of the bioclimatic zones ZB1, ZB2 and ZB3 of the South of Brazil, which already have passive strategies in their conception design, it is possible to use the Passive House concept without interfering with the dimensions of windows and elements of external solar control, achieving a higher thermal performance than required by the Passive House concept for hot climates
Abstract
Descrição
Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pesquisa e Pós-
Graduação em Arquitetura - PROPAR – da
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como
requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor
em Arquitetura. Área de concentração: Projeto de
Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Betina
Tschiedel Martau
Palavras-chave
Eficiência energética, Arquitetura passiva, Desempenho termoenergético, Otimização de projeto, Passive House Brasil, Passive House - Região Sul, Energy efficiency, Passive architecture, Thermo-energetic performance
Citação
VETTORAZZI, Egon. Contribuições das estratégias do conceito Passive House para edificações energeticamente
mais eficientes na Região Sul-Brasileira. 2019. 371 f. Tese (Doutorado em Arquitetura) – Programa de Pesquisa
e Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, 2019